![]() The present review discusses the possibility of targeting cardioprotective signalling pathways and genes activated in the athlete's heart to treat or prevent heart failure. Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy by intracellular signaling pathways. It is now clear that several signalling molecules play unique roles in the regulation of pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy. Physiological hypertrophy is characterized by normal organization of cardiac structure and normal or enhanced cardiac function, whereas pathological hypertrophy is commonly associated with upregulation of fetal genes, fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction and increased mortality. Physiological cardiac hypertrophy in response to exercise training differs in its structural and molecular profile to pathological hypertrophy associated with pressure or volume overload in disease. Cardiac hypertrophy that occurs in athletes (physiological hypertrophy) is a notable exception. Cardiac enlargement is a characteristic of most forms of heart failure. Utilizing cardiac myocyte specific mouse models it has been demonstrated that activation of some signaling pathways play key roles in mediating adaptive/physiological heart growth while others are activated in settings of pathological hypertrophy and contribute to maladaptive processes (reviewed in 1, 5, 6, Fig. Most of them have only a single function, but an increasing number of proteins are being identified as multifunctional. There are differences in cardiac properties between these two types of hypertrophy. ![]() 1,2 Although these 2 forms of hypertrophy have been well described, the regulation mechanisms determining th. Pressure overload, such as hypertension, to the heart causes pathological cardiac hypertrophy, whereas chronic exercise causes physiological cardiac hypertrophy, which is defined as athletic heart. When contractile performance is perturbed or reduced in response to diverse (patho-)physiologic stimuli, the heart typically remodels and hypertrophies, in association with increases in myocyte cell volume (). In general, cardiac hypertrophy (an increase in heart mass) is a poor prognostic sign. In contrast to pathological hypertrophy, cardiac growth during normal postnatal development or the hypertrophy induced by exercise and by pregnancy is referred to as physiological and is characterized by more forceful ejection of blood. The primary function of the heart is to contract and pump blood. ![]()
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